A

Aboitiz, F.  1988.  Homology, a comparative or a historical concept?  Acta Biotheoretica 37: 27-9.

Adams, E. N., III.  1972.  Consensus techniques and the comparison of taxonomic trees.  Systematic Zoology 21: 390-397.

Adams, E. N., III.  1986.  N-trees as nestings: Complexity, similarity, and consensus.  Journal of Classification 3: 299-317.

Alberch, P.  1985.  Problems with the interpretation of developmental sequences.  Systematic Zoology 34: 46-58. 

Alberch, P., S. J. Gould, G. F. Oster, and D. B. Wake.  1979.  Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5: 296-317.

Albert, V. A.  In press.  Phylogeny of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae:  Orchidaceae) from congruent morphological and molecular data sets.  Nordic Journal of Botany.

Albert, V. A., M. W. Chase, and B. D. Mishler.  1993.  Character-state weighting for cladistic analysis of protein-coding DNA sequences.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 752-766.

Albert, V. A. and B. D. Mishler.  1992.  On the rationale and utility of weighting nucleotide sequence data. Cladistics 8: 73-83.

Albert, V. A., B. D. Mishler and M. W. Chase.  1992.  Character-state weighting for restriction site data in phylogenetic reconstruction, with an example from chloroplast DNA.  In: P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle [eds.], Molecular Systematics of Plants, 369-403.  Chapman & Hall, New York.

Albert, V. A., S. E. Williams, and M. W. Chase.  1992.  Carnivorous plants: Phylogeny and structural evolution.  Science 257: 1491-1495.

Albrecht, G. H.  1978.  Some comments on the use of ratios.  Systematic Zoology 27: 67-71.

Alcock, J.  1984.  Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Allard, M. W.  1990.  Further comments on Goodman's maximum parsimony procedure.  Cladistics 6: 283-289.

Allard, N. W., M. M. Miyamoto.  1992.  Perspective: Testing phylogenetic approaches with empirical data, as illustrated with the parsimony method.  Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 778-786.

Alroy, J.  1994.  Four permutation tests for the presence of phylogenetic structure.  Systematic Biology 43: 430-437.

Alroy, J.  1995.  Continuous track analysis: A new phylogenetic and biogeographic method.  Systematic Biology 44: 152-178.

Altaba, C. R.  1991.  The importance of ecological and historical factors in the production of benzaldehyde by Tiger Beetles.  Systematic Zoology 40: 101-105.

Ammerman, L. K. and D. M. Hillis.  1992.  A molecular test of Bat relationships: Monophyly or diphyly? Systematic Biology 41: 222-232.

Anderberg, A.  1986.  The genus Pegolettia (Compositae, Inuleae).  Cladistics 2: 158-186.

Anderberg, A. and A. Tehler.  1990.  Consensus trees, a necessity in taxonomic practice.  Cladistics 6: 399-402.

Andersen, N. M.  1979.  Phylogenetic inference as applied to the study of evolutionary diversification of semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha).  Systematic Zoology 28: 554-578.

Andersen, N. M.  1982.  The Semi-aquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha): Phylogeny, adaptations, biogeography, and classification.  Entomograph 3: 1-455.  Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg, Denmark.

Anonymous,  1973.  Discussion of symposium papers on contemporary systematic philosophies.  Systematic Zoology 22: 393-400.

Anonymous,  1974.  Trends, priorities, and needs in systematic and evolutionary biology.  Systematic Zoology 23: 416-439.

Archibald, J. D.  1994.  Metataxon concepts and assessing possible ancestry using phylogenetic systematics. Systematic Biology 43: 27-40.

Archie, J. W.  1989.  A randomization test for phylogenetic information in systematic data.  Systematic Zoology 38: 239-252.

Archie, J. W.  1989.  Homoplasy excess ratios: New indices for measuring levels of homoplasy in phylogenetic systematics and a critique of the consistency index.  Systematic Zoology 38: 253-269.

Archie, J. W.  1990.  Homoplasy excess statistics and retention indices: A reply to Farris.  Systematic Zoology 39: 169-174.

Armbruster, W. S.  1992.  Phylogeny and the evolution of plant-animal interactions.  BioScience 42: 12-20.

Armstrong, D. M.  1977.  Dispersal vs. dispersion: Process vs. pattern.  Systematic Zoology 26: 210-211.

Arthur, W.  1984.  Mechanisms of Morphological Evolution.  Wiley, New York. 

Arévalo, E., S. K. Davis, and J. W. Sites, Jr.  1994.  Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae) in Central Mexico.  Systematic Biology 43: 387-418.

Ashlock, P. D.  1971.  Monophyly and associated terms.  Systematic Zoology 20: 63-69.

Ashlock, P. D.  1972.  Monophyly again.  Systematic Zoology 21: 430-438.

Ashlock, P. D.  1974.  The uses of cladistics.  Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 5: 81-99.

Ashlock, P. D.  1979.  An evolutionary systematist's view of classification.  Systematic Zoology 28: 441-450.

Astolfi, P., K. K. Kidd, and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza.  1981.  A comparison of methods for reconstructing evolutionary trees.  Systematic Zoology 30: 156-169.

Astolfi, P., A. Piazzi, and K. K. Kidd.  1978.  Testing evolutionary independence in simulated phylogenetic trees.  Systematic Zoology 27: 391-
400.

Astolfi, P. and L. Zonta-Sparamella.  1984.  Phylogenetic trees: An analysis of the treeness test.  Systematic Zoology 33: 159-166.

Atchley, W. R.  1978.  Ratios, regression intercepts, and the scaling of data.  Systematic Zoology 27: 78-83.

Atchley, W. R. and D. Anderson.  1978.  Ratios and the statistical analysis of biological data.  Systematic Zoology 27: 71-78.

Atchley, W. R., D. E. Cowley, C. Vogl, and T. McLellan.  1992.  Evolutionary divergence, shape change, and genetic correlation structure in the rodent mandible.  Systematic Biology 41: 196-221.

Atchley, W. R., C. T. Gaskins, and D. Anderson.  1976.  Statistical properties of ratios. I. Empirical results. Systematic Zoology 25: 137-148.

Atchley, W. R., E. V. Nordheim, F. C. Gunsett, and P. L. Crump.  1982.  Geometric and probabilistic aspects of statistical distance functions.  Systematic Zoology 31: 445-460.

Avise, J. C.  1974.  Systematic value of electrophoretic data.  Systematic Zoology 23: 465-481.

Avise, J. C. and R. M. Ball.  1990.  Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy.  Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 7: 45-67.

Ax, P.  1985.  Stem species and the stem lineage concept.  Cladistics 1: 279-
287.

Ax, P.  1987.  The Phylogenetic System.  The Systematization of Organisms on the Basis of their Phylogenesis. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, New York.

Axelius, B.  1991.  Areas of distribution and areas of endemism.  Cladistics 7: 197-199.

B

Backeljau, T., B. Winnepenninckx, and L. De Bruyn.  1993.  Cladistic analysis of Metazoan relationships: A reappraisal.  Cladistics 9: 167-181.

Bacon, J. D.  1978.  Taxonomy of Nerisyrenia (Cruciferae).  Rhodora 80: 159-227.

Baird, R. C. and M. J. Eckardt.  1972.  Divergence and relationship in deep-
sea Hatchetfishes (Sternoptychidae).  Systematic Zoology 21: 80-90.

Baker, R. J. and J. W. Bickham.  1980.  Karyotypic evolution in bats: Evidence of extensive and conservative chromosomal evolution in closely related taxa.  Systematic Zoology 29: 239-253.

Baker, R. J. and J. W. Bickham.  1984.  Karyotypic megaevolution by any other name: A response to Marks. Systematic Zoology 33: 339-341.

Baker, R. J., C. S. Hood, and R. L. Honeycutt.  1989.  Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the higher categories of the New World Bat family Phyllostomidae.  Systematic Zoology 38: 228-238.

Baker, R. J., M. J. Novacek, and N. B. Simmons.  1991.  On the monophyly of Bats.  Systematic Zoology 40: 216-231.

Ball, I. R.  1975.  Nature and formulation of biogeographic hypotheses.  Systematic Zoology 24: 407-430.

Ball, I. R.  1983.  On groups, existence and the ordering of nature.  Systematic Zoology 32: 446-451.

Bandoni, S. M. and D. R. Brooks.  1987.  Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Amphilinidae Poche, 1922 (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria: Cercomeromorpha).  Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1110-1128.

Banks, H.  1970.  Evolution and Plants in the Past.  Belmont, California.

Baroni-Urbani, C.  1977.  Hologenesis, phylogenetic systematics, and evolution.  Systematic Zoology 26: 343-346.

Barrett, M., M. J. Donoghue, and E. Sober.  1991.  Against consensus.  Systematic Zoology 40: 486-493.

Barriel, V. and P. Tassy.  1993.  Characters, observations and steps: Comment on Lipscomb's "Parsimony, homology and the analysis of multistate characters."  Cladistics 9: 223-232.

Barthlott, W. and D. Frolich.  1983.  Mikromorphologie und orientierungsmuster epicuticularer wachs-kristalloide: ein neues systematisches merkmal bei monokotylen.  Plant Systematics and Evolution 142: 171-185.

Barrett, M., M. J. Donoghue, and E. Sober.  1993.  Crusade? A reply to Nelson.  Systematic Biology 42: 216-217.

Bateman, R. M.  1994.  Evolutionary-developmental change in the architecture of fossil rhizomorphic lycopsids: Scenarios constructed on cladistic foundations.  Biological Reviews 69(4): 71.

Bateman, R. M. and W. A. Dimichele.  1994.  Saltational evolution of form in vascular plants: A Neo Goldschmidian Syntheis.  In: D. S. Ingram, A. Hudson [eds.].  Shape and form in plants and fungi, 63-102. Anderson Press, London.

Bateman, R. M., W. A. Dimichele, and D. A. Willard.  1992.  Experimental cladistic analysis of anatomically preserved arborescent lycopsids from the Carboniferous of Euramerica: An essay in paleobotanical phylogenetics.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 500-559.

Bateman, R. M., I. Goddard, R. O'Grady, V. A. Funk, R. Mooi, W. J. Kress, and P. Cannell.  1990. Speaking of Forked Tongues.  Current Anthropology 31: 1-24.

Baum, B. R.  1975.  Cladistic analysis of the diploid and hexaploid oats (Avena L., Poaceae) using numerical techniques.  Canadian Journal of Botany 53: 2115-2127.

Baum, B. R.  1977.  Oats:  Wild and cultivated:  A monograph of the genus Avena L. (Poaceae).  Monograph no. 14, Biosystematics Resaerch Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.

Baum, B. R.  1977.  Assessment of cladograms obtained for fourteen species of Avena by two methods of numerical analysis.  Systematic Botany 2: 141-150.

Baum, B. R. and G. F. Estabrook.  1978.  Application of compatability analysis in numerical cladistics at the infraspecific level.  Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 1130-1135.

Baum, B. R. and L. P. Lefkovitch.  1973.  A numerical taxonomic study of phylogenetic and phenetic relationships in some cultivated oats, using known pedigrees.  Systematic Zoology 22: 118-131.

Baum, D. A. and A. Larson.  1991.  Adaptation reviewed: A phylogenetic methodology for studying character macroevolution. Systematic Zoology 40: 1-18.

Baum, D. A. and K. L. Shaw.  1994.  The genealogical species. In: P. Hoch and B. Schaal [eds.], ???Title??? Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri.

Baverstock, P. R., S. R. Cole, B. J. Richardson, and C. H. S. Watts.  1979.  Electrophoresis and cladistics. Systematic Zoology 28: 214-219.

Beatty, J.  1982.  Classes and cladists.  Systematic Zoology 31: 25-34.

Begle, D. P.  1991.  Relationships of the Osmeroid Fishes and the use of reductive characters in phylogenetic analysis.  Systematic Zoology 40: 33-
53.

Bell, M. A.  1979.  Persistence of ancestral sister species.  Systematic Zoology 28: 85-88.

Bennett, D. K.  1980.  Stripes do not a zebra make, part I: A cladistic analysis of Equus.  Systematic Zoology 29: 272-287.

Benson, L.  1962.  Plant Taxonomy.  New York.

Berlocher, S. H. and G. L. Bush.  1982.  An electrophoretic analysis of Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) phylogeny.  Systematic Zoology 31: 136-155.

Bernier, R.  1984.  The species as an individual: Facing essentialism.  Systematic Zoology 33: 460-469.

Beyer, W. A., M. L. Stein, T. F. Smith, and S. M. Ulman.  1974.  A molecular sequence metric and evolutionary trees.  Mathematical Biosciences 19: 9-25.

Bickham, J. W. and R. J. Baker.  1980.  Reassessment of the nature of chromosomal evolution in Mus musculus.  Systematic Zoology 29: 159-162.

Bierner, M. W., W. M. Dennis and B. E. Wofford.  1977.  Flavinoid chemistry, chromosome number and phylogenetic relationships of Helenium chihuahuensis.  Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 5: 23-28.

Bishop, M. J.  1982.  Criteria for the determination of the direction of character state changes.  Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 74: 197-
206.

Bishop, M. J. and A. E. Friday.  1985.  Evolutionary trees from nucleic acid and protein sequences. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. 226: 271-302.

Blackmore, S.  1986.  Cellular ontogeny.  Cladistics 2: 358-362.

Blackmore, S. and S. Barnes.  1987.  Embryophyte spore walls: Origin, development, and homologies. Cladistics 3: 185-195.

Blackmore, S., C. A. McConchie, and R. B. Knox.  1987.  Phylogenetic analysis of the male ontogenetic program in aquatic and terrestrial Monocotyledons.  Cladistics 3: 333-347.

Blackstone, N. W.  1987.  Allometry and relative growth: Pattern and process in evolutionary studies. Systematic Zoology 36: 76-78.

Blackwelder, R. E.  1977.  Twenty-five years of taxonomy.  Systematic Zoology 26: 107-137.

Blake, J. A., C. J. Bult, M. J. Donoghue, J. Humphries, and C. Fields.  1994.  Interoperability of biological data bases: A meeting report.  Systematic Biology 43: 585-589.

Blasdell, R.  1962.  A monographic study of the fern Cystopteris.  Memoires of the Torrey Botanical Club 21: 1-102.

Bledsoe, A. H. and F. H. Sheldon.  1989.  The metric properties of DNA-
DNA hybridization dissimilarity measures.  Systematic Zoology 38: 93-105.

Bock, W. J.  1968.  Phylogenetic systematics, cladistics and evolution.  Evolution 22: 646-648.

Bock, W. J.  1969.  Nonvalidity of the "Phylogenetic Fallacy."  Systematic Zoology 18: 111-115.

Bock, W. J.  1973.  Philosophical foundations of classical evolutionary classification.  Systematic Zoology 22: 375-392.

Bock, W. J.  1974.  Philosophical foundations of evolutionary classification.  Systematic Zoology 22: 375-392.

Bock, W. J.  1978.  Comments on classifications as historical narratives.  Systematic Zoology 27: 362-364.

Bock, W. J.  1989.  The homology concept: its philosophical and practical methodology.  Zoologische Beitrage, NF?? 32: 327-353.

Bolick, M. R.  1981.  A cladistic analysis of Salmea DC.  (Compositae-Heliantheae).  In: V. A. Funk and D. R. Brooks [eds.], Advances in cladistics: Proceedings of the first meeting of the Willi Hennig Society, 115-125. The New York Botanical Garden.

Bonde, N.  1977.  Cladistic classification as applied to vertebrates.  In: M. K. Hecht, P. C. Goody, and B. M. Hecht [eds.], Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution, 741-804.  Plenum Press, New York.

Bookstein, F. L.  1983.  Comments on a "Nonequilibrium" approach to evolution.  Systematic Zoology 32: 291-300.

Bookstein, F. L., R. E. Strauss, J. M. Humphries, B. Chernoff, R. L. Elder, and G. R. Smith.  1982.  A comment upon the uses of Fourier methods in systematics.  Systematic Zoology 31: 85-92.

Bocquet-Appel, J. P. and J. N. Bacro.  1994.  Generalized wombling.  Systematic Biology 43: 442-448.

Bottjer, P. D.  1980.  Farris' "Information Content" and phylogenetic versus evolutionary classification: The philosophical differences remain.  Systematic Zoology 29: 382-386.

Boucout, A. J.  1978.  Community Evolution and Rates of Cladogensis. In: M. K. Hecht, W. C. Steera, and B. Wallace [eds.], Evolutionary Biology 11: 545-655.  Plenum Press, New York.

Boucout, A. J.  1982.  Paleobiologic Evidence of Behavioral Evolution and Co-Evolution.  Corvallis, Oregon: by the author.

Boucout, A. J.  1983.  Does evolution take place in an ecogeological vacuum?  Journal of Paleontology 37: 1-30.

Boufford, D. E., J. V. Crisci, H. Tobe, and P. C. Hoch.  1990.  A cladistic analysis of Circaea (Onagraceae). Cladistics 6: 171-182.

Boughton, D. A., B. B. Collette, and A. R. McCune.  1991.  Heterochrony in jaw morphology of Needlefishes (Teleostei: Belonidae).  Systematic Zoology 40: 329-354.

Boulter, D.  1973.  Amino acid sequences of cytochrome c and plastocyanins in phylogenetic studies of higher plants.  Systematic Zoology 22: 549-553.

Boulter, D.  1973.  Comparative sequencing of amino acid as a taxonomic tool.  In: L. Reinhold and Y. Liwschitz [eds.],  Progress in Phytochemistry Vol. 3, 199-229.  New York.

Bousquet. J., S. H. Strauss, A. D. Doerksen, and R. A. Price.  1992.  Extensive ariation in evolutionary rate of rbcL gene sequences among seed plants.  Proceedings of National Academy USA 89: 7844-7848.

Brady, R. H.  1982.  Theoretical issues and "pattern cladists."  Systematic Zoology 31: 286-291.

Brady, R. H.  1979.  Natural selection and the criteria by which a theory is judged.  Systematic Zoology 28: 600-621.

Brady, R. H.  1985.  On the independence of systematics.  Cladistics 1: 113-
126.

Braun, M. J.  1991.  Review of: Molecular systematics.  Systematic Zoology 40: 111-114.

Bremer, B.  1987.  The sister group of the paleotropical tribe Argostemmateae: A redefined neotropical tribe Hamelieae (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae).  Cladistics 3: 35-51.

Bremer, B. and K. Bremer.  1989.  Cladistic analysis of blue-green prokaryote interrelationships and chloroplast origin based on 16s rRNA oligonucleotide catalogues.  Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2: 13-30.

Bremer, K.  1976.  The genus Relhania (Compositae).  Opera Botanica 40: 1-86.

Bremer, K.  1978.  The genus Leysera (Compositae).  Botaniska Notiser 131: 369-383.

Bremer, K.  1985.  Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification.  Cladistics 1: 369-385.

Bremer, K.  1987.  Tribal interrelationships of the Asteraceae.  Cladistics 3: 210-253.

Bremer, K.  1988.  The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.

Bremer, K.  1990.  Combinable component consensus.  Cladistics 6: 369-372.

Bremer, K.  1992.  Ancestral areas: A cladistic reinterpretation of the center of origin concept.  Systematic Biology 41: 436-445.

Bremer, K.  1995.  Ancestral areas: Optimization and probability.  Systematic Biology 44: 255-259.

Bremer, K., C. J. Humphries, B. D. Mishler, and S. P. Churchill.  1987.  On cladistic relationships in green plants. Taxon 36: 339-349.

Bremer, K. and H. E. Wanntorp.  1978.  Phylogenetic systematics in botany.  Bot. Not. 131: 369-383.

Bremer, K. and H.-E. Wanntorp.  1979.  Hierarchy and reticulation in systematics.  Systematic Zoology 28: 624-627.

Bremer, K. and H.-E. Wanntorp.  1979.  Geographic populations or biological species in phylogeny reconstruction?  Systematic Zoology 28: 220-224.

Bremer, K. and H. E. Wanntorp.  1981.  The cladistic approach to plant classification.  In: V. A. Funk and D. R. Brooks [eds.], Advances in cladistics: Proceedings of the first meeting of the Willi Hennig Society, 87-
94. The New York Botanical Garden. 
Bretsky, S. S.  1975.  Allopatry and ancestors: A response to Cracraft.  Systematic Zoology 24: 113-119.

Briggs, J. C.  1969.  Ocean islands and endemism: A reply.  Systematic Zoology 18: 145-148.

Briggs, J. C.  1974.  Operation of zoogeographic barriers.  Systematic Zoology 23: 248-256.

Briggs, J. C.  1984.  Freshwater fishes and biogeography of Central America and the Antilles.  Systematic Zoology 33: 428-435.

Briggs, J. C.  1987.  Antitropicality and vicariance.  Systematic Zoology 36: 206-207.

Briggs, J. C.  1989.  The historical biogeography of India: Isolation or contact?  Systematic Zoology 38: 322-332.

Briggs, J. C.  1994.  Species diversity: Land and sea compared.  Systematic Biology 43: 130-135.

Britten, R. J.  1986.  Rates of sequence evolution differ between taxonomic groups.  Sciences 231: 1393-1398.

Brooks, D. R.  1977.  Evolutionary history of some Plagiorchioid Trematodes of Anurans.  Systematic Zoology 26: 277-289.

Brooks, D. R.  1979.  Testing the context and extent of host-parasite coevolution.  Systematic Zoology 28: 299-307.

Brooks, D. R.  1980.  Allopatric speciation and non-interactive parasite community structure.  Systematic Zoology 29: 192-203.

Brooks, D. R.  1980.  Brooks' response to Holmes and Price.  Systematic Zoology 29: 214-215.

Brooks, D. R.  1981.  Raw similarity measures of shared parasites: An empirical tool for determining host phylogenetic relationships?  Systematic Zoology 30: 203-207.

Brooks, D. R.  1981.  Hennig's parasitological method: A proposed solution.  Systematic Zoology 30: 229-249.

Brooks, D. R.  1984.  Quantitative Parsimony.  In: T. Duncan and T. F. Stuessy [eds.],  Cladistics: Perspectives on the reconstruction of evolutionary history, 110-132.  Columbia University Press, New York.

Brooks, D. R.  1985.  Historical Ecology: A new Approach to Studying the Evolution of Ecological Associations.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72: 660-680.

Brooks, D. R.  1988.  Scaling effects in historical biogeography: A new view of space, time, and form. Systematic Zoology 37: 237-244.

Brooks, D. R.  1988.  Macro-evolutionary comparisons of host and parasite phylogenies.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 235-259.

Brooks, D. R.  1990.  Parsimony analysis in historical biogeography and coevolution: Methodological and theoretical update.  Systematic Zoology 39: 14-30.

Brooks, D. R.  1990.  Review of: Parasite communities: Patterns and processes.  Systematic Zoology 39: 300-301.

Brooks, D. R. and S. M. Bandoni.  1988.  Coevolution and relicts.  Systematic Zoology 37: 19-33.

Brooks, D. R., J. N. Caira, T. R. Platt, and M. H. Pritchard.  1984.  Principles and methods of cladistic analysis: A workbook. University of Kansas Museum of National History Special Publication 12: 1-92.

Brooks, D. R., J. Collier, and E. O. Wiley.  1986.  Definitions of terms and the essence of theories: A reply to J. S. Wicken.  Systematic Zoology 35: 640-
647.

Brooks, D. R. and D. R. Glen.  1982.  Pinworms and Primates: A Case Study in Coevolution.  Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 49: 76-85.

Brooks, D. R. and D. A. McLennan.  1991.  Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior: A Research Program in Comparative Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Brooks, D. R., R. T. O'Grady, and D. R. Glen.  1985.  Phylogenetic Analysis of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria) with Comments on their Adaptive Radiation.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 411-443.

Brooks, D. R., R. T. O'Grady, and E. O. Wiley.  1986.  A measure of the information content of phylogenetic trees, and its use as an optimality criterion.  Systematic Zoology 35: 571-581.

Brooks, D. R. and E. O. Wiley.  1985.  Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and evolution: Responses to Bookstein and to Wicken.  Systematic Zoology 34: 89-97.

Brooks, D. R. and E. O. Wiley.  1985.  Theories and methods in different approaches to phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics 1: 1-11.

Brooks, D. R. and E. O. Wiley.  1986.  Evolution as Entropy. Towards a Unified Theory of Biology: University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Brooks, D. R. and E. O. Wiley.  1988.  Evolution as Entropy.  2nd edition.  University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Brothers, D. J.  1975.  Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae.  University of Kansas Scientific Bulletin 50: 483-648.

Brothers, D. J.  1978.  How pure must a cladistic study be?-A response to Nelson on Michener.  Systematic Zoology 27: 118-122.

Brown, D. F. M.  1964.  A monographic study of the fern genus Woodsia.  Nova Hedwigia 16: 1-154, pl. 1-40.

Brown, G. K. and A. J. Gilmartin.  1987.  Bromeliales, related monocots and resolution of relations among Bromeliaceae subfamilies.  Systematic Botany 12: 493-500.

Brown, G. K. and A. J. Gilmartin.  1989.  Stigma types in Bromeliaceae-a systematic survey.  Systematic Botany 14(1): 110-132.

Brown, J. K. M.  1994. Probabilities of evolutionary trees.  Systematic Biology 43: 78-91.

Brown, W. M., E. M. Praeger, A. Wang, and A. C. Wilson.  1982.  Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution.  Journal of Molecular Evolution 18: 225-239.

Brundin, L.  1966.  Transantarctic Relationships and Their Significance, as Evidenced by Chironoimid Midges. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakadamien Handlingar 4(11): 1-472.

Brundin, L.  1972.  Evolution, casual biology, and classification.  Zoologica Scripta 1: 107-120.

Brundin, L.  1972.  Phylogenetics and biogeography.  Systematic Zoology 21: 69-79.

Brundin, L.  1981.  Croizat's biogeography versus phylogenetic biogeography.  In: G. Nelson and D. E. Rosen [eds.],  Vicariance biogeography: A critique, 94-158.  Columbia University Press, New York.

Brundin, L. Z.  1986.  Evolution by orderly stepwise subordination and largely nonrandom mutations. Systematic Zoology 35: 602-607.

Bryant, H. N.  1989.  An evaluation of cladistic and character analyses as hypothetico-deductive procedures, and the consequences for character weighting.  Systematic Zoology 38: 214-227.

Bryant, H. N.  1991.  The polarization of character transformations in phylogenetic systematics: Role of axiomatic and auxiliary assumptions.  Systematic Zoology 40: 433-445.

Bryant, H. N.  1992.  The role of permutation tail probability tests in phylogenetic systematics.  Systematic Biology 41: 258-263.

Bryant, H. N.  1994.  Comments on the phylogenetic definition of taxon names and conventions regarding the naming of crown clades.  Systematic Biology 43: 124-130.

Buck, R. C. and D. L. Hull.  1966.  The logical structure of the Linnaean hierarchy.  Systematic Zoology 15: 97-111.

Buck, W. R.  1980.  A generic revision of Endodontaceae.  Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 48: 71-159.

Buckup, P. A.  1991.  Cladogram characters: Predictions, not observations.  Cladistics 7: 191-195.

Buckup, P. A.  1993.  Phylogenetic interrelationships and reductive evolution in neotropical Characidiin fishes (Characiformes, Ostariophysi).  Cladistics 9: 305-341.

Buckup, P. A. and B. S. Dyer.  1991.  Transformation series analysis (TSA) is dependent on initial order of character states.  Systematic Zoology 40: 500-502.

Bull, J. J., J. P. Huelsenbeck, C. W. Cunningham, D. L. Swofford, and P. J. Waddell.  1993.  Partioning and combining data in phylogenetic analysis.  Systematic Biology 42: 384-397.

Burger, W. C.  1979.  Cladistics: useful tool or rigid dogma?  Taxon 28: 385-
386.

Burger, W. C.  1981.  Heresy revived: the monocot theory of angiosperm origin.  Evolutionary Theory 5: 189-225.

Bush, G. L.  1978.  Review of: Geographic variation, speciation, and clines.  Systematic Zoology 27: 482-483.

Buth, D. G.  1984.  The application of electrophoretic data in systematic studies.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 501-522.

C


Cadle, J. E.  1985.  The neotropical Colubrid Snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): Lineage components and biogeography.  Systematic Zoology 34: 1-20.

Cain, A. J.  1967.  One phylogenetic system.  Nature 216: 412-413.

Camin, J. H. and R. R. Sokal.  1965.  A method for deducing branching sequences in phylogeny.  Evolution 19: 311-326.

Cannatella, D. C.  1991.  Review of: Phylogeny and the classification of fossil and recent organisms. Systematic Zoology 40: 376-378.

Cannatella, D. C. and K. de Queiroz.  1989.  Phylogenetic systematics of the Anoles: Is a new taxonomy warranted?  Systematic Zoology 38: 57-69.

Cannatella, D. C. and R. O. de Sý.  1993.  Xenopus laevis as a model organism.  Systematic Biology 42: 476-507.

Carpenter, J. M.  1986.  Robust classification: A report on the fifth annual meeting of the Willi Hennig Society.  Cladistics 2: 187-194.

Carpenter, J. M.  1987.  A report on the society for the study of evolution workshop "computer programs for inferring phylogenies."  Cladistics 3: 52-55.

Carpenter, J. M.  1987.  Cladistics of cladists.  Cladistics 3: 363-375.

Carpenter, J. M.  1988.  Choosing among multiple equally parsimonious cladograms.  Cladistics 4: 291-296.

Carpenter, J. M.  1989.  Testing scenarios: Wasp social behavior.  Cladistics 5: 131-144.

Carpenter, J. M.  1990.  Of genetic distances and social wasps. Systematic Zoology 39: 391-397.

Carpenter, J. M.  1992.  Random cladistics.  Cladistics 8: 147-153.

Carpenter, J. M.  1992.  Distances, assumptions and social wasps.  Cladistics 8: 155-160.

Carpenter, J. M.  1994.  Successive weighting, reliability and evidence.  Cladistics 10: 215-220.

Carpenter, J. M., J. E. Strassmann, S. Turillazzi, C. R. Hughes, C. R. Sol’s, and R. Cervo.  1993. Phylogenetic relationships among Paper Wasp social parasites and their host (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae).  Cladistics 9: 129-146.

Carpenter, K. E.  1993.  Optimal cladistic and quantitative evolutionary classifications as illustrated by Fusilier Fishes (Teleostei: Caesionidae).  Systematic Biology 42: 142-154.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and A. W. F. Edwards.  1967.  Phylogenetic analysis: Models and estimation procedures. Evolution 32: 550-570.

Cavender, J. A.  1989.  Mechanized derivation of linear invariants.  Molecular Biology and Evolution 6: 301-316.

Cavender, J. A. and J. Felsenstein.  1987.  Invariants of phylogenies in a simple case with discrete states. Journal of Classification 4: 57-71.

Chappill, J. A.  1989.  Quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis.  Cladistics 5: 217-234.

Charlesworth, B., R. Lande, and M. Slatkin  1982.  A Neo-Darwinian Commentary on Macroevolution. Evolution 36: 474-498.

Chase, M. W. and H. G. Hills.  1991.  Silica gel: An ideal dessicant for preserving field-collected leaves for use in molecular studies.  Taxon ??: 215-220.

Chase, M. W. and H. G. Hills.  1992.  Orchid phylogeny, flower sexuality, and fragrance-seeking.  BioScience 42: 43-49.

Chase, M. W. and J. D. Palmer.  1989.  Chloroplast DNA systematics of the lilioid monocots: feasibility, resources, and an example from the Orchidaceae.  American Journal of Botany 76: 1720-1730.

Chase, M. W. and J. D. Palmer.  1992.  Floral morphology and chromosome number in subtribe Oncidiinae (orchidaceae): evolutionary insights from a phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. In: P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis and J. J. Doyle [eds.],  Molecular Systematics of Plants, 324-339. Chapman and Hall, ??.

Chase, M. W., D. E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, D. H. Les, B. Mishler, M. R. Duvall, R. A. Price, H. G. Hills, Y.-L. Qiu, K. A. Kron, J. H. Rettig, E. Conti, J. D. Palmer, J. R. Manhart, K. J. Sytsma, H. J. Michaels, W. J. Kress, K. G. Karol,  W. D. Clark, M. Hedren, B. S. Gaut, R. K. Jansen, K.-J. Kim, C. F. Wimpee, J. F. Smith, G. R. Furnier, S. H. Straus, Q.-Y. Xiang, G. M. Plunkett, P. S. Soltis, S. M. Swenson, S. E. Williams, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn, L. Eguiarte, E. Golenberg, G. H. Learn, S. W. Graham, S. C. H. Barrett, S. Dayanandan, and V. A. Albert.  1993.  Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528-580.

Chase, M. W., D. W. Stevenson, P. Wilkin, and P. J. Rudall.  1995.  Monocot systematics: A combined analysis.  In: P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. J. Humphries [eds.],  Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution, 685-730.  Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom.

Chippindale, P. T. and J. J. Wiens.  1994.  Weighting, partitioning, and combining characters in phylogenetic analysis.  Systematic Biology 43: 278-
287.

Christoffersen, M. L.  1987.  Phylogenetic relationships of Hippolytid genera, with an assignment of new families for the Crangonoidea and Alpheoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea).   Cladistics 3: 348-362.

Christofferson, M. L.  1989.  Phylogeny and classification of the Pandaloidea (Crustacea, Caridea).  Cladistics 5: 259-274.

Churchill, S. P.  1981.  A phylogenetic analysis, classification and synopsis of the genera of the Grimmiaceae (Musci).  In: V. A. Funk and D. R. Brooks [eds.],  Advances in cladistics: Proceedings of the first meeting of the Willi Hennig Society, 127-144.  The New York Botanical Garden.

Cigliano, M. M.  1989.  A cladistics analysis of the family Tristiridae (Orthoptera, Acridoidea).  Cladistics 5: 379-393.

Ciochon, R. L. and R. S. Corruccini.  1977.  The phenetic position of Pliopithecus and its phylogenetic relationship to the Hominoidea. Systematic Zoology 26: 290-294.

Clark, C.  1986.  Homoplastic-An appropriate choice.  Systematic Zoology 35: 142-143.

Clark, C. and D. J. Curran.  1986.  Outgroup analysis, homoplasy, and global parsimony: A response to Maddison, Donoghue, and Maddison.  Systematic Zoology 35: 422-426.

Clifford, H. T. and W. T. Williams.  1980.  Interrelationships amongst the Liliatae: A graph theory approach. Australian Journal of Botany 28: 261-
268.

Cloutier, R.  1991.  Interrelationships of Palaeozoic actinistians: patterns and trends.  In: M.-M. Chang, Y.-H. Liu, and G. Zhang, [eds.], Early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology 379-428.  Science Press, Beijing.

Clutton-Brock, T. H. and P. H. Harvey.  1984.  Comparative Approaches to investigation Adaptation.  In: J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies [eds.], Behavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, 2nd edition, 7-29.  Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachussetts.

Coates, K. A.  1992.  Communicating cladistics-Hennig X report.  Cladistics 8: 289-294.

Cobben, R. H.  1981.  The recognition of grades in Heteroptera and comments on R. Schuh's cladograms. Systematic Zoology 30: 181-191.

Coddington, J. A.  1986.  Orb Webs in "Non-Orb Weaving" Ogre-faced Spiders (Araneae: Dinopidae): A Question of Genealogy. Cladistics 2: 53-67.

Coddington, J. A.  1986.  The Monophyletic Origin of the Orb Web.  In: W. A. Shear, [ed.], Spiders, Webs, Behavior and Evolution, 319-363.  Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Coddington, J. A.  1987.  The sixth annual meeting of the Willi Hennig Society.  Cladistics 3: 178-185.

Coddington, J. A.  1988.  Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses.  Cladistics 4: 3-22.

Coddington, J. A.  1990.  Cladistics and spider classification: Araneomorph phylogeny and the monophyly of orbweavers (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae).  Acta Zoologica Fennica 190: 75-87.

Coddington, J. A.  1990.  Bridges between evolutionary pattern and process.  Cladistics 6: 379-386.

Coddington, J. A.  1991.  Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae).  Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 22: 565-592.

Coddington, J. A.  1994.  The Roles of Homology and Convergence in Studies of Adaptation.  In: R. Vane-Wright and P. Eggleton [eds.], Phylogenetics and Ecology, 53-78.  Academic Press, London.

Colless, D. H.  1967.  The phylogenetic fallacy.  Systematic Zoology 16: 289-
295.

Colless, D. H.  1969.  The phylogenetic fallacy revisited.  Systematic Zoology 18: 115-126.

Colless, D. H.  1969.  The interpretation of Hennig's "Phylogenetic Systematics"-A reply to Dr. Schlee.
Sysytematic Zoology 18: 134-144.

Colless, D. H.  1969.  Phylogenetic inference: A reply to Dr. Ghiselin.  Systematic Zoology 18: 462-466.

Colless, D. H.  1971.  "Phenetic," "Phylogenetic," and "Weighting."  Systematic Zoology 20: 73-76.

Colless, D. H.  1972. "Basic taxa" and the "unit of classification."  Systematic Zoology 21: 65-68.

Colless, D. H.  1972.  A note on Ashlock's definition of "monophyly."  Systematic Zoology 21: 126-128.

Colless, D. H.  1973.  A note on LeQuesne's uniquely derived character concept.  Systematic Zoology 22: 320-321.

Colless, D. H.  1977.  A cornucopia of categories.  Systematic Zoology 26: 349-352.

Colless, D. H.  1981.  Predictivity and stability in classifications: Some comments on recent studies. Systematic Zoology 30: 325-331.

Colless, D. H.  1985.  On "Character" and related terms.  Systematic Zoology 34: 229-233.

Colless, D. H.  1985.  On the status of outgroups in phylogenetics.  Systematic Zoology 34: 364-366.

Colless, D. H.  1995.  Relative symmetry of cladograms and phenograms: An experimental study.  Systematic Biology 44: 102-108.

Collette, B. B.  1993.  Review of: Systematics, historical ecology, and North American freshwater fishes.  Systematic Biology 42: 398-402.

Collette, B. B. and J. L. Russo.  1985.  Interrelationships of the Spanish Mackerels (Pisces: Scombridae: Scomberomorus) and their Copepod parasites.  Cladistics 1: 141-158.

Collier, J.  1986.  Entropy in evolution.  Biology and Philosophy 1P: 5-24.

Collins, T. M., P. H. Wimberger, and G. J. P. Naylor.  1994.  Compositional bias, character-state bias, and character-state reconstruction using parsimony.  Systematic Biology 43: 482-496.

Collins, T. M., F. Kraus, and G. Estabrook.  1994.  Compositional effects and weighting of nucleotide sequences for phylogenetic analysis.  Systematic Biology 43: 449-459.

Constantinescu, M. and D. Sankoff.  1986.  Tree enumeration modulo a consensus.  Journal of Classification 3: 349-356.

Conti, E., A. Fischbach, and K. J. Sytsma.  1993.  Tribal relationships in Onagraceae: Implications from rbcL sequence data.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 672-685.

Corliss, J. O.  1974.  The changing world of systematics: Historical analysis of past efforts and a newly proposed phylogenetic scheme of classification for the protistan phylum Ciliophora.  Systematic Zoology 23: 91-138.

Corriveau, J. L. and A. W. Coleman.  1988.  Rapid screening method to detect potential biparental inheritance of plastid DNA and results for over 200 angiosperm species.  American Journal of Botany 75: 1443-1458.

Corti, M., E. Capanna, and G. F. Estabrook.  1986.  Microevolutionary sequences in house mouse chromosomal speciation.  Systematic Zoology 35: 163-175.

Cox, P. A.  1990.  Pollination and the evolution of breeding systems in Pandanaceae.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(4): 816-840.

Cox, P. A.  In press.  Breeding systems and the evolution of Pandanaceae.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens.

Cox, P. A. and R. B. Knox.  1988.  Two dimensional pollination in hydrophilous plants: convergent evolution in the genera Halodule (Cymodoceaceae), Halophila (Hydrocharitaceae), Ruppia (Ruppiaceae), and Lepilaena (Zannichelliaceae).  American Journal of Botany 75: 811-818.

Coyne, J. A., H. A. Orr, and D. J. Futuyma.  1988.  Do we need a new species concept?  Systematic Zoology 37: 190-200.

Cracraft, J.  1974.  Phylogenetic models of classification.  Systematic Zoology 23: 71-90.

Cracraft, J.  1975.  Allopatry and ancestors: A response to Bretsky.  Systematic Zoology 24: 119-120.

Cracraft, J.  1975.  Historical biogeography and earth history: perspectives for a future synthesis.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62: 227-
250.

Cracraft, J.  1978.  Science, philosophy, and systematics.  Systematic Zoology 27: 213-216.

Cracraft, J.  1979.  Phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary models and paleontology.  In: J. Cracraft and N. Eldredge [eds.], Phylogenetic analysis and paleontology, 7-39.  Columbia University Press, New York.

Cracraft, J.  1981.  Pattern and process in paleobiology: the role of cladistic analysis in systematic paleontology. Paleobiology 7: 456-468.

Cracraft, J.  1982.  Phylogenetic relationships and monophylly of Loons, Grebes, and Hesperornithiform Birds, with comments on the early history of Birds.  Systematic Zoology 31: 35-56.

Cracraft, J.  1982.  A nonequilibrium theory for the rate-control of speciation and extinction and the origin of macroevolutionary patterns.  Systematic Zoology 31: 348-365.

Cracraft, J.  1982.  Geographic Differentiation, Cladistics and Vicariance Biogeography: Reconstructing the Tempo and Mode of Evolution.  American Zoologist 22: 411-424.

Cracraft, J.  1983.  Species concepts and speciation analysis. Current Ornithology 1: 159-187.

Cracraft, J.  1983.  Cladistic analysis and vicariance biogeography.  American Science 71: 273-281.

Cracraft, J.  1984.  The terminolgy of allopatric speciation.  Systematic Zoology 33: 115-116.

Cracraft, J.  1985.  Species selection, macroevolutionary analysis, and the "Hierarchical Theory" of evolution. Systematic Zoology 34: 222-229.

Cracraft, J.  1985.  Biological diversification and its causes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72: 794-822.

Cracraft, J.  1986.  Origin and evolution of continental biotas: Speciation and historical congruence within the Australian avifauna.  Evolution 40: 977-998.

Cracraft, J.  1987.  Species concepts and the ontology of evolution.  Biology and Philosophy 2: 329-346.

Cracraft, J.  1988.  Vicariance biogeography: Theory, methods, and applications. Introduction to the symposium.  Systematic Zoology 37: 219-
220.

Cracraft, J.  1988.  Deep-history biogeography: Retrieving the historical pattern of evolving continental biotas. Systematic Zoology 37: 221-236.

Cracraft, J.  1992.  The species of the Birds-of-Paradise (Paradisaedae): Applying the phylogenetic species concept to a complex pattern of diversification.  Cladistics 8: 1-43.

Craig, C. L., G. D. Bernard, and J. A. Coddington.  1994.  Evolutionary Shifts in the Spectral Properties of Spider Silks.  Evolution 48: 287-296.

Crandall, K. A.  1994.  Intraspecific cladograms estimation: Accuracy at higher levels of divergence. Systematic Biology 43: 222-235.

Crandall, K. A.  1995.  Review of: Molecular markers, natural history and evolution.  Systematic Biology 44: 117-120.

Crane, P. R.  1985.  Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of the angiosperms.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden  72: 716-793.

Crane, P. R.  1985.  Phylogenetic relationships in seed plants.  Cladistics 1: 329-348.

Crane, P. R.  1988.  Major clades and relationships in the "higher" gymnosperms.  In: C. B. Beck [ed.], Origin and Evolution of Gymnosperms, 218-272.  Columbia University Press, New York.

Crane, P. R. and S. Blackmore.  1989.  Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae. Systematics Assoc., Claredon Press, Oxford.

Cranston, P. S. and C. J. Humphries.  1988.  Cladistics and computers: A chironomid conundrum?  Cladistics 4: 72-92.

Cranston, P. S.  1991.  The underside of cladistics-in the Land of Oz.  Cladistics 7: 75-79.

Craw, R. C.  1979.  Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography: A response to R. M. McDowall. Systematic Zoology 28: 99-107.

Craw, R. C.  1982.  Phylogenetics, areas, geology and the biogeographiy of Croizat: A radical view. Systematic Zoology 31: 304-316.

Craw, R. C.  1982.  Panbiogeography and vicariance cladistics: Are they truly different?  Systematic Zoology 32: 431-438.

Craw, R. C.  1988.  Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.  Systematic Zoology 37: 291-310.

Craw, R.  1992.  Margins of cladistics: Identity, difference and place in the emergence of phylogenetic systematics, 1864-1975. Kluwer Academic, Netherlands.

Craw, R. C. and P. Weston.  1984.  Panbiogeography: A progressive research program?  Systematic Zoology 33: 1-13.

Creel, N.  1986.  Size and phylogeny in Hominoid Primates.  Systematic Zoology 35: 81-94.

Cressey, R. F., B. Collette, and J. Russo.  1983.  Copepods and Scombrid Fishes: A Study in Host-parasite Relationships.  Fishery Bulletin 81: 227-
265.

Crisci, J. V.  1980.  Evolution in the subtribe Nassauviinae (Compositae, Mutisieae): A phylogenetic reconstruction.  Taxon 29: 213-224.

Crisci, J. V., M. M. Cigliano, J. J. Morrone, and S. Roig-Juñent.  1991.  Historical biogeography of southern South America.  Systematic Zoology 40: 152-171.

Crisci, J. V., I. J. Gamundi, and M. N. Cabello.  1988.  A cladistic analysis of the genus, Cyttaria (Fungi-Ascomycotina).  Cladistics 4: 279-290.

Crisci, J. V., J. H. Hunziker, R. A. Palacios and C. A. Naranjo.  1979.  A numerical-taxonomic study of the genus Bulnesia (Zygophyllaceae): Cluster analysis, ordination and simulation of evolutionary trees.  American Journal of Botany 66: 133-140.

Crisci, J. V. and T. F. Stuessy.  1980.  Determining primitive character states for phylogenetic reconstruction. Systematic Botany 5: 112-135.

Crisp, M. D. and P. H. Weston.  1993.  Geographic and ontogenetic variation in morphology of Australian Waratahs (Telopea: Proteaceae).  Systematic Biology 42: 49-76.

Croizat, L.  1952.  Manual of phytogeography.  W. Junk, The Hague.

Croizat, L.  1958.  Panbiogeography.  Published by the author, Caracas.

Croizat, L.  1964.  Space, time, form: the biological synthesis. Published by the author, Caracas.

Croizat, L.  1978.  Deduction, induction, and biogeography.  Systematic Zoology 27: 209-213.

Croizat, L.  1982. Vicariance/vicariism, panbiogeography, "Vicariance Biogeography," etc.: A clarification. Systematic Zoology 31: 291-304.

Croizat, L., G. Nelson, and D. E. Rosen.  1974.  Centers of origin and related concepts.  Systematic Zoology 23: 265-287.

Cronquist, A.  1981.  An Integrated system of Classification of Flowering Plants.  Columbia University Press, New York.

Cronquist, A.  1987.  A botanical critique of cladism.  Botanical Review 53: 1-52.

Crother, B. I.  1990.  Is "some better than none" or do allele frequencies contain phylogenetically useful information.  Cladistics 6: 277-281.

Crother, B. I., M. M. Miyamoto, and W. F. Presch.  1986.  Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae.  Systematic Zoology 35: 37-
45.

Crowe, T. M.  1990.  Character "assasination" reborn! A report on a workshop on cladistics and cladistic biogeography.  Cladistics 6: 101-103.

Crowe, T. M.  1994.  Morphometrics, phylogenetic models and cladistics: Means to an end or much to do about nothing?  Cladistics 10: 77-84.

Crowson, R. A.  1970.  Classification and biology.  Atherton Press, New York.

Crowson, R. A.  1970.  Classification and biology.  Heineman Education Books, London.

Cutler, E. B. and P. E. Gibbs.  1985.  A phylogenetic analysis of higher taxa in the phyllum Sipuncula. Systematic Zoology 34: 162-173.

This page is written in HTML 4.0 format. It is best viewed with Internet Explorer 5.0, Netscape 5.0, Safari 1.0 (v 85), or a later version of these browsers. For questions or comments regarding this site contact the webmaster.

 

Subscribe

 

Publisher/On-Line Journal

 

Recent & Forthcoming Issues

 

Instructions for Authors

 

Book Reviews

 

Editorial Information

  >  
 

Problems with Subscription

 

Editorial Staff

 

Associate Editors

 

Editorial Board

 

Past Editors

 

Benefits of Membership

 

Join the Society

 

Researcher Awards

 

Student Awards

 

Previous Award Winners

 

Examples of Successful Proposals

 

SSB List Serve

 

Other Societies

 

Systematic Software

 

Systematic Databases

 

Phylogenetic Literature

 

Museums & Herbaria

 

Careers in Systematics

 

Miscellaneous

 

Support for Teaching Evolution

 

Constitution & Bylaws

 

Officers & Council

 

Standing Committees

 

AIBS Lobbyist Info.

 

Duties of Officers

 

General

 

Jobs

 

General Questions

 

Problem with Subscription