|
L
Ladiges, P. Y., M. R. Newnham, and C. J. Humphries. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the Australian "Green Ash" Eucalypts (Monocalyptus). Cladistics 5: 345-364.
Ladiges, P. Y., S. M. Prober, and G. Nelson. 1992. Cladistic and biogeographic analysis of the 'Blue Ash' Eucalypts. Cladistics 8: 103-124.
LaDuke, J. C. 1982. Flavonoid chemistry and systematics of Tithonia (Compositae). American Journal of Botany 69: 784-792.
LaDuke, J. C. and D. J. Crawford. 1979. Character compatibility and phyletic relationships in several closely related species of Chenopodium of the western United States. Taxon 28: 307-314.
Lafay, B., A. B. Smith, and R. Christen. 1995. A combined morphological approach to the phylogeny of Asteroids (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Systematic Biology 44: 190-208.
Lake, J. A. 1987. Determining evolutionary distances from highly diverged nucleic acid sequences: operator metrics. Journal of Molecular Evolution 26: 59-73.
Lake, J. A. 1987. A rate-independent technique for analysis of nucleic acid sequences: evolutionary parsimony. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4: 167-191.
Lamb, T., C. Lydeard, R. B. Walker, and J. W. Gibbons. 1994. Molecular systematics of Map Turtles (Graptemys): A comparison of mitochondrial restriction site versus sequence data. Systematic Biology 43: 543-559.
Landrum, L. R. 1981. The phylogeny and geography of Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae). Brittonia 33: 105-129.
Lanyon, S. M. 1985. Detecting internal inconsistencies in distance data. Systematic Zoology 34: 397-403.
Lanyon, S. M. 1985. Molecular perspective on higher-level relationships in the Tyrannoidea (Aves). Systematic Zoology 34: 404-418.
Lanyon, S. M. 1988. The stochastic mode of molecular evolution: what consequences for systematic investigations? Auk 105: 565-573.
Lapointe, F.-J. and P. Legendre. 1990. A statistical framework to test the consensus of two nested classifications. Systematic Zoology 39: 1-13.
Lapointe, F.-J. and P. Legendre. 1992. A statistical framework to test the concensus among additive trees (Cladograms). Systematic Biology 41: 158-
171.
Lapointe, F.-J. and P. Legendre. 1992. Statistical framework of the matrix correlation coefficient for comparing independent phylogenetic trees. Systematic Biology 41: 378-384.
Larson, A. 1994. Review of: Molecular evolution: Producing the biochemical data. Systematic Biology 43: 460-461.
Lauder, G. V. 1981. Form and function: Structural analysis in evolutionary morphology. Paleobiology 7: 430-442.
Lauder, G. V. 1982. Historical Biology and the Problem of Design. Journal of Theoretical Biology 97: 57-68.
Lauder, G. V. 1986. Homology, analogy, and the evolution of behavior. In: M. H. Nitechki and J. A. Kitchell [eds.], Evolution of animal behavior, 9-40. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lauder, G. V. 1990. Functional morphology and systematics: studying functional patterns in an historical context. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21: 317-340.
Laurent, R. F. 1983. Irreversibility: A comment on Macbeth's interpretations. Systematic Zoology 32: 75.
Legendre, P. 1986. Reconstructing biogeographic history using phylogenetic-tree analysis of community structure. Systematic Zoology 35: 68-80.
Lellinger, D. B. 1965. A quantitative study of generic delimitation in the adiantoid ferns. Doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Lellinger, D. B. 1967. Pterozonium (Filicales: Polypodiaceae). In: B. Maguire [ed.], The Botany of the Guayana Highland-part VII. Memoires of the New York Botanical Garden 17: 2-23.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1972. Further studies based on the uniquely derived character concept. Systematic Zoology 21: 281-288.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1974. The uniquely evolved character concept and its cladistic application. Systematic Zoology 23: 513-517.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1977. The uniquely evolved character concept. Systematic Zoology 26: 218-220.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1979. Compatibility analysis and the uniquely derived character concept. Systematic Zoology 28: 92-94.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1989. The normal deviate test of phylogenetic value of a data matrix. Systematic Zoology 38: 51-54.
Le Quesne, W. J. 1989. Frequency distributions of lengths of possible networks from a data matrix. Cladistics 5: 395-407.
Les, D. H., D. K. Garvin, and C. F. Wimpee. 1991. Molecular evolutionary history of ancient aquatic angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy USA 88: 10119-10123.
Les, D. H. and R. R. Haynes. 1995. Systematics of subclass Alismatidae: A synthesis of approaches. In: P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. J. Humphries [eds.], Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution, 353-377. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom.
Li, W.-H. 1981. A simple method for constructing phylogenetic trees from distance matrices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 78: 1085-1089.
Li, W.-H. and D. Fraur. 1991. Fundamentals of molecular evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Li, W.-H. and M. Nei. 1990. Limitations of the evolutionary parsimony method of phylogenetic analysis. Molecular biology and Evolution 6: 82-
102.
Li, W.-H. and M. Tanimura. 1987. The molecular clock runs more slowly in man than in apes and monkeys. Nature 326: 93-96.
Li, W.-H., K. H. Wolfe, J. Sourdis, and P. M. Sharp. 1987. Reconstruction of phylogenetics trees and estimation of divergence times under nonconstant rates of evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 52: 847-856.
Li, W.-H. and A. Zharkikh. 1994. What is the bootstrap technique? Systematic Biology 43: 424-430.
Li, W.-H. and A. Zharkikh. 1995. Statistical test of DNA phylogenies. Systematic Biology 44: 49-63.
Lidén, M. and B. Oxelman. 1989. Species-pattern or process? Taxon 2: 228-232.
Lidén, M. 1990. Replicators, hierarchy, and the species problem. Cladistics 6: 183-186.
Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Playnus Beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37: 385-409.
Liebherr, J. K. and Q. D. Wheeler. 1985. The eighteenth annual numerical taxonomy conference. Cladistics 1: 287-291.
Liebherr, J. K. and A. E. Hajek. 1990. A cladisitc test of the taxon cycle and taxon pulse hypotheses. Cladistics 6: 39-59.
Lim, B. K. 1993. Cladistic reappraisal of neotropical Stenodermatinae Bat phylogeny. Cladistics 9: 147-165.
Linder, H. P. and E. A. Kellogg. 1995. Phylogenetic patterns in the Commelinid clade. In: P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. J. Humphries [eds.], Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution, 473-496. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew United Kingdom.
Linder, H. P. 1988. A review of cladistics for botanists. South African Journal of Botany 54(3): 208-220.
Lipscomb, D. L. 1985. The eukaryotic kingdoms. Cladistics 1: 127-140.
Lipscomb, D. L. 1990. Two methods for calculating cladogram characters: Transformation series analysis and the iterative FIG/FOG method. Systematic Zoology 39: 277-288.
Lipscomb, D. L. 1992. Parsimony, homology and the analysis of multistate characters. Cladistics 8: 45-65.
Livezey, B. C. 1986. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Steamer-
Ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres). Systematic Zoology 35: 458-469.
Loconte, H. 1990. Cladistic classification of Amniota: A response to Gauthier et al. Cladistics 6: 187-190.
Loconte, H. and D. W. Stevenson. 1991. Cladistics of the Magnoliidae. Cladistics 7: 267-296.
Lombard, R. E. and D. B. Wake. 1986. Tongue evolution in the Lungless Salamanders, family Plethodontidae IV. Phylogeny of Plethodontid Salamanders and evolution of feeding dynamics. Systematic Zoology 35: 532-551.
Losee, J. 1980. A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press.
Losos, J. B. 1990. A phylogenetic study of character displacement in Caribbean Anolis. Evolution 44: 558-569.
Losos, J. B. 1992. The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities. Systematic Biology 41: 403-420.
Losos, J. B. 1994. An approach to the analysis of comparative data when a phylogeny is unavailable or incomplete. Systematic Biology 43: 117-123.
Loudenslager, E. J. and G. A. E. Gall. 1980. Geographic patters of protein variation and subspeciation in Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki. Systematic Zoology 29 : 27-42.
Lovtrup, S. 1973. Epigenetics. A treatise on Theoretical Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Lovtrup, S. 1975. On phylogenetic classification. Acta Zoologica Cracovensia 20: 499-523.
Lovtrup, S. 1977. The phylogeny of the vertebrata. Wiley, London.
Lovtrup, S. 1978. On von Baerian and Haeckelian recapitulation. Systematic Zoology 27: 348-352.
Lovtrup, S. 1979. The evolutionary species: Fact or fiction? Systematic Zoology 28: 386-392.
Lovtrup, S. 1981. Macroevolution and punctuated equilibria. Systematic Zoology 30: 498-500.
Lovtrup, S. 1982. Rejoinders at various quarters. Systematic Zoology 31: 511-517.
Lovtrup, S. 1983. Victims of ambition: Comments on the Wiley and Brooks approach to evolution. Systematic Zoology 32: 90-96.
Lovtrup, S. 1985. On the classification of the taxon Tetrapoda. Systematic Zoology 34: 463-470.
Lovtrup, S. 1986. Evolution, morphogenesis, and recapitutlation: An essay on Metazoan evolution. Cladistics 2: 68-82.
Lovtrup, S. 1987. On species and other taxa. Cladistics 3: 157-177.
Luckow, M. and R. A. Pimentel. 1985. An empirical comparison of numerical wagner computer programs. Cladistics 1: 47-66.
Lundberg, J. G. 1972. Wagner networks and ancestors. Systematic Zoology 21: 398-413.
Lundberg, J. C. 1973. More on primitiveness, higher level phylogenies and ontogenetic transformations. Systematic Zoology 22: 327-329.
Luteyn, J. L. 1976. A revision of the Mexican-Central American species of Cavendishia (Vacciniaceae). Memoires of the New York Botanical Garden 28: 1-138.
Lydeard, C., M. C. Wooten, and A. Meyer. 1995. Molecules, morphology, and area cladograms: A cladistic and biogeographic analysis of Gambusia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Systematic Biology 44: 221-236.
Lynch, J. D. 1982. Relationships of the Frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Leptodactylidae) and their bearing on hypotheses of pleistocene forest refugia in South America and punctuated equilibria. Systematic Zoology 31: 166-179.
M
Mabee, P. M. 1989. Assumptions underlying the ontogenetic use sequences for determining character state order. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118: 159-166.
Mabee, P. M. 1989. An empirical rejection of the ontogenetic polarity criterion. Cladistics 5: 409-416.
Mabee, P. M. and J. Humphries. 1993. Coding polymorphic data: Examples from allozymes and ontogeny. Systematic Biology 42: 166-181.
MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Macbeth, N. 1979. Point of view on adaptation and selection. Systematic Zoology 28: 107-108.
Macbeth, N. 1980. Reflections on irreversibility. Systematic Zoology 29: 402-404.
MacFadden, B. J. 1976. Cladistic analysis of primitive Equids, with notes on other Perissodactyls. Systematic Zoology 25: 1-14.
MacFadden, B. J. 1981. Comments on Pregill's appraisal of historical biogeography of Caribbean vertebrates: Vicariance, dispersal, or both? Systematic Zoology: 30: 370-372.
Maddison, D. R. 1991. Discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Systematic Zoology 40: 315-32.
Maddison, D. R., M. Ruvolo, and D. L. Swofford. 1992. Geographic origins of human mitochondrial DNA: Phylogenetic evidence from control region sequences. Systematic Biology 41: 111-124.
Maddison, W. P. 1989. Reconstructing character evolution on polytomous cladograms. Cladistics 5: 365-377.
Maddison, W. 1990. A method for testing the correlated evolution of two binary characters: Are gains or losses concentrated on certain branches of a phylogenetic tree? Evolution 44: 539-557.
Maddison, W. P. 1991. Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree. Systematic Zoology 40: 304-314.
Maddison, W. P. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Systematic Zoology 40: 315-328.
Maddison, W. P. 1991. African origin of human mitochondrial DNA reexamined. Systematic Zoology 40: 355-363.
Maddison, W. P. 1993. Missing data versus missing characters in phylogentic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 576-581.
Maddison, W. P. 1994. Phylogenetic histories within and between species. In: P. Hoch and B. Schaal [eds.], Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. (soon)
Maddison, W. P. In press. Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology.
Maddison, W. P., M. J. Donoghue, and D. R. Maddison. 1984. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Systematic Zoology 33: 83-103.
Maddison, W. P. and D. R. Maddison. 1992. MacClade: Interaticve Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution. Sinauer Association, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Maddison, W. P. and M. Slatkin. 1990. Parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states do not depend on the relative distances between linearly-
ordered character states. Systematic Zoology 39: 175-178.
Maisey, J. G. 1986. Heads and tails: A Chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2: 201-256.
Mardulyn, P. and J. M. Pasteels. 1994. Coding allozyme data using step matrices: Defining new original states for the ancestral taxa. Systematic Biology 43: 567-572.
Margulis, L. and T. N. Margulis. 1968. A note on the equivalence of characters: pheneticist vs. phylogeneticist. Systematic Zoology 17: 477-479.
Margush, T. and F. R. McMorris. 1981. Consensus n-trees. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 43: 239-244.
Marshall, L. G. 1977. Cladistic analysis of Borhyaenoid, Dasyuroid, Didelphoid, and Thylacinid (Marsupialia: Mammalia) affinity. Systematic Zoology 26: 410-425.
Martin, P. G. and J. M. Dowd. 1991. Studies of angiosperm phylogenies using protein sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 296-
337.
Mayden, R. L. 1985. Biogeography of Ouachita Highlands fishes. Southwestern Nature 30: 195-211.
Mayden, R. L. 1986. Speciose and depauperate phylads and tests of punctuated and gradual evolution: Fact or artifact? Systematic Zoology 35: 591-602.
Mayden, R. L. 1988. Systematics of the Notropis zonatus species group, with description of a new species from the interior highlands of North America. Coeia 1984: 153-173.
Mayden, R. L. 1988. Vicariance biogeography, parsimony, and evolution in North American freshwater fishes. Systematic Zoology 37: 329-355.
Mayden, R. L. 1991. Review of: Panbiogeography special issue. 1990. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Systematic Zoology 40: 503-519.
Maynard Smith, J., R. Burian, S. Kauffman, P. Alberch, J. Campbell, B. Goodwin, R. Lande, D. Raup, and L. Wolpert. 1985. Developmental Constraints and Evolution: A Perspective from the Mountain Lake Conference on Development and Evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 60: 265-287.
Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mayr, E. 1965. Numerical phenetics and taxonomic theory. Systematic Zoology 14: 73-97.
Mayr, E. 1969. Principles of systematic zoology. McGraw Hill, New York.
Mayr, E. 1976. Is the species a class or an individual? Systematic Zoology 25: 192.
Mayr, E. 1978. Origin and history of some terms in systematic and evolutionary biology. Systematic Zoology 27: 83-88.
Mayr, E. 1985. Darwin and the definition of phylogeny. Systematic Zoology 34: 97-98.
Maze, J. and G. E. Bradfield. 1982. Neo-Darwinian evolution-Panacea or popgun. Systematic Zoology 31: 92-95.
Maze, J. and G. C. Hughes. 1973. Monophyletic taxa-A reasonable definition. Systematic Zoology 22: 84.
Mazzer, S. J. 1971. A monographic study of the genus Pouzarella. Doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
McArdle, B. and A. G. Rodrigo. 1994. Estimating the ancestral states of a continuous-valued character using squared-change parsimony: An analytical solution. Systematic Biology 43: 573-578.
McCoy, E. D. and K. L. Heck, Jr. 1976. Biogeography of corals, seagrasses, and mangroves: An alternative to the center of origin concept. Systematic Zoology 25: 201-210.
McDade, L. A. 1992. Hybrids and phylogenetic systematics II. The impact of hybrids on cladistic analysis. Evolution 46: 1329-1346.
McDade, L. A. 1992. Pollinator reltionships, biogeography, and phylogenetics. BioScience 42: 21-26.
McDowall, R. M. 1968. Oceanic islands and endemism. Systematic Zoology 17: 346-350.
McDowall, R. M. 1971. Oceanic islands and endemism: Further comment. Systematic Zoology 20: 109-111.
McDowall, R. M. 1978. Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography. Systematic Zoology 27: 88-104.
McGinley, R. J. and C. D. Michener. 1980. Dr. Nelson on dendronomics. Systematic Zoology 29: 91-93.
McHugh, J. V. and A. Bruneau. 1990. The eighth annual meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. Cladistics 6: 197-204.
McKenna. M. C. 1975. Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia. In: W. P. Luckett and F. S. Szalay [eds.], Phylogeny of the Primates, 21-46. Plenum Press, New York.
McKenna, M. C. 1995. The mobile Indian raft: A reply to Rage and Jaeger. Systematic Biology 44: 265-271.
McKinney, M. L. and K. J. McNamara. 1991. Heterochrony: the evolution of ontogeny. Plenum, New York.
McKitrick, M. C. 1985. Monophylly of the Tyrannidae (Aves): Comparison of morphology and DNA. Systematic Zoology 34: 35-45.
McKitrick, M. C. 1994. On homology and the ontological relationship of parts. Systematic Biology 43: 1-10.
McKitrick, M. C. and R. M. Zink. 1988. Species concepts in ornithology. Condor 90: 1-14.
McLennan, D., D. R. Brooks, and J. D. McPhail. 1988. The Benefits of Communication between Comparative Ethology and Phylogenetic Systematics: A Case Study Using Gasterosteid Fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 2177-2190.
McMorris, F. R. and D. A. Neumann. 1983. Additional comments on Fitch and Smith's conjecture for minimal length trees. Systematic Zoology 32: 278.
McNeill, J. 1979. Purposeful phenetics. Systematic Zoology 28: 465-482.
Meacham, C. A. 1980. Phylogeny of Berberidaceae with an evaluation of classifications. Systematic Botany 5: 149-172.
Meacham, C. A. 1981. A manual method for character compatibility analysis. Taxon 30: 591-600.
Meacham, C. A. In press. A probability measure for character compatibility. Mathematical Bioscience
Meacham, C. A. 1984. The role of hypothesized direction of characters in the estimation of evolutionary history. Taxon 33: 26-38.
Meacham, C. A. and G. F. Estabrook. 1985. Compatibility methods in systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 431-446.
Meacham, C. A. 1986. More about directed characters: A reply to Donoghue and Maddison. Taxon 35: 538-540.
Meerow, A. W. 1995. Towards a phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae. In: P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler, and C. J. Humphries [eds.], Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution, 169-179. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom.
Meier, R., P. Kores, and S. Darwin. 1991. Homoplasy slope ratio: A better measurement of observed homoplasy in cladistic analyses. Systematic Zoology 40: 74-88.
Michaels, H. J., K. M. Scott, R. G. Olmstead, T. Szaro, R. K. Jansen, and J. D. Palmer. 1993. Interfamilial relationships of the Asteraceae: Insights from rbcL sequence variation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 742-
765.
Michaux, B. 1989. Generalized tracks and geology. Systematic Zoology 38: 390-398.
Michaux, B., C. S. White, and D. M. Lambert. 1990. Organisms not species evololve: A reply to Ghiselin. Systematic Zoology 39: 79-80.
Michener, C. D. 1978. Dr. Nelson on taxonomic methods. Systematic Zoology 27: 112-118.
Mickel, J. T. 1962. A monographic study of the fern genus Anemia subgenus Coptophyllum. Iowa State College Journal of Science 36: 349-482.
Mickevich, M. F. 1978. Taxonomic congruence. Systematic Zoology 27: 143-158.
Mickevich, M. F. 1978. Comments on recognition of convergence and parallelism on Wagner trees. Systematic Zoology 27: 239-242.
Mickevich, M. F. 1980. Taxonomic congruence: Rohlf and Sokal's misunderstanding. Systematic Zoology 29: 162-176.
Mickevich, M. F. 1982. Transformation series analysis. Systematic Zoology 31: 461-478.
Mickevich, M. F. and F. J. Farris. 1981. The implication of congruence in Menidia. Systematic Zoology 30: 351-370.
Mickevich, M. F. and J. S. Farris. 1981. Methods for investigating taxonomic conguence and their application to the Leptopodomorpha. Systematic Zoology 30: 331-351.
Mickevich, M. F. and N. I. Platnick. 1989. On the information content of classifications. Cladistics 5: 33-47.
Mickevich, M. F. and D. Lipscomb. 1991. Parsimony and the choice between different transformations for the same character set. Cladistics 7: 111-139.
Mickevich, M. F. and S. J. Weller. 1990. Evolutionary character analysis: Tracing character change on a cladogram. Cladistics 6: 137-170.
Mindell, D. P. 1992. Review of: Phylogeny and classification of Birds: A study in molecular evolution. Systematic Biology 41: 126-134.
Mindell, D. P. and J. W. Sites, Jr. 1987. Tissue expression patterns of avian isozymes: A preliminary study of phylogenetic applications. Systematic Zoology 36: 137-152.
Miller, J. S. 1987. Host-plant relationships in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): Parallel cladogenesis or colonization? Cladistics 3: 105-120.
Miller, J. S. 1988. A response to Scoble's response to Weintraub and Miller's review of Scoble (1986). Cladistics 4: 97-98.
Mindell, D. P., J. W. Shultz, and P. W. Ewald. 1995. The AIDS pandemic is new, but is HIV new? Systematic Biology 44: 77-92.
Mindell, D. P., J. W. Sites, Jr., and D. Graur. 1989. Speciational evolution: A phylogenetic test with allozymes in Scleroporus (Reptilia). Cladistics 5: 49-61.
Mindell, D. P., J. W. Sites, Jr., and D. Graur. 1990. Assessing the relationship between speciation and evolutionary change. Cladistics 6: 393-398.
Mishler, B. D. 1987. Sociology of science and the future of Hennigian phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics 3: 55-60.
Mishler, B. D. and S. P. Churchill. 1985. Transition to a land flora: Phylogenetic relationships of the Green Algae and Bryophytes. Cladistics 1: 305-328.
Mishler, B. D. and S. P. Churchill. 1987. Transition to a land flora: A reply. Cladistics 3: 65-71.
Mishler, B. D. and M. J. Donoghue. 1982. Species concepts: A case for pluralism. Systematic Zoology 31: 491-503.
Mishler, B. D. and R. N. Brandon. 1987. Individuality, pluralism and the phylogenetic species concept. Biology and Philosophy 2: 397-414.
Mishler, B. D., K. Bremer, C. J. Humphries, and S. P. Churchill. 1988. The use of nucleic acid sequence data in phylogenetic reconstructions. Taxon 37: 391-395.
Mitter, C. 1981. Review of: Cladistics and plant systematics: Problems and prospects. Systematic Zoology 30: 373-376.
Mitter, C. 1981. "Cladistics" in botany. Systematic Zoology 31: 373-378.
Mitter, C., B. Farrel, and B. Wiegmann. 1988. The phylogenetic study of adaptive zones: Has phytophagy promoted insect diversification? American Naturalist 132: 107-128.
Mitter, C. and D. R. Brooks. 1983. Phylogenetic Aspects of Coevolution. In: D. J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin [eds.], Coevolution, 65-98. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Miyamoto, M. M. 1981. Congruence among character sets in phylogenetic studies of the frog genus Leptodactylus. Systematic Zoology 30: 281-290.
Miyamoto, M. M. 1983. Frogs of the Eleutherodactylus rugulosus group: A cladistic study of allozyme, morphological, and karyological data. Systematic Zoology 32: 109-124.
Miyamoto, M. M. 1985. Consensus cladograms and general classifications. Cladistics 1: 186-189.
Miyamoto, M. M., M. W. Allard, R. M. Adkins, L. L. Janecek, and R. L. Honeycutt. 1994. A congruence test of reliability using linked mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Biology 43: 236-249.
Miyamoto, M. M. and S. M. Boyle. 1989. The potential importance of mitochondrial DNA sequence data to eutherian mammal phylogeny. In: B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, and H. Jornvall [eds.], The hierarchy of life, 437-
450. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Miyamoto, M. M. and W. M. Fitch. 1995. Testing species phylogenies and phylogenetic methods with congruence. Systematic Biology 44: 64-76.
Miyamoto, M. M. and M. Goodman. 1986. Biomolecular systematics of Eutherian mammals: Phylogenetic patterns and classification. Systematic Zoology 35: 230-240.
Miyamoto, M. M. and J. Cracraft [eds.]. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. Oxford University Press, New York.
Miyamoto, M. M., S. M. Tanhauser, and P. J. Laipis. 1989. Systematic relationships in the Artiodactyl tribe Bovini (Family Bovidae), as determined from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Zoology 38: 342-349.
Miyazaki, J. M. and M. F. Mickevich. 1982. Evolution of Chesapecten (Mollusca: Bivalvia, Miocene-Pliocene) and the biogenetic law. Evolutionary Biology 15: 369-410.
Moody, S. M. 1985. Charles L. Camp and his 1923 classification of lizards: An early cladist? Systematic Zoology 34: 216-222.
Mooi, R. 1987. Analysis of the Sand Dollars (Clypeasteroida: Scutellina) and the Interpretation of Heterochronic Phenomena. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Mooi, R. 1989. The outgroup criterion revisited via marked zones and alleles. Systematic Zoology 38: 283-290.
Mooi, R., P. F. Cannell, V. A. Funk, P. M. Mabee, R. T. O'Grady, and C. R. Starr. 1989. Historical perspectives, ecology, and Tiger Beetles: An alternative discussion. Systematic Zoology. 38: 191-195.
Morden, C. W., C. F. Delwiche, M. Kuhsel, and J. D. Palmer. 1992. Gene phylogenies and the endo-symbiotic origin of plastids. Biosystems 28: 75-
90.
Morgan, D. R. and D. E. Soltis. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships among members of Saxifragaceae sensulato based on rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 631-660.
Moritz, C. 1986. The population biology of Gehyra (Gekkonidae): Chromosome change and speciation. Systematic Zoology 35: 46-67.
Moritz, C. and A. Heideman. 1993. The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae): Reciprocal origins and diverse mitochondrial DNA in western populations. Systematic Biology 42: 293-306.
Moritz, C. and D. M. Hillis. 1990. Molecular systematics: context and controversies. In: D. M. Hillis and C. Moritz [eds.], Molecular Systematics, 1-10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Morley, R. J. and J. R. Flenley. 1987. Late Cenozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago. In: T. C. Whitmore [ed.], Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago, 50-59. Oxford.
Morrone, J. J. 1993. Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the Weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Cladistics 9: 397-411.
Morrone, J. J. 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Systematic Biology 43: 438-441.
Morrone, J. J. and J. M. Carpenter. 1994. In search of a method for cladistic biogeography: An empirical comparison of component analysis, Brooks parsimony analysis, and three-area statements. Cladistics 10: 99-153.
Morse, J. C. and D. F. White, Jr. 1979. A technique for analysis of historical biogeography and other characters in comparative biology. Systematic Zoology 28: 356-365.
Moss, W. W. 1983. Report on NATO advanced study institute on numerical taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 32: 76-83.
Myint, T. 1966. Revision of the genus Stylisma (Convolvulaceae). Brittonia 18: 97-117.
N
Nanney, D. L., R. M. Preparata, F. P. Preparata, E. B. Meyer, and E. M. Simon. 1989. Shifting ditypic site analysis: heuristics for expanding the phylogenetic range of nucleotide sequences in Sankoff analyses. Journal of Molecular Evolution 28: 451-459.
Narang, N., S. Narang, and J. B. Kitzmiller.
Nastansky, L., S. M. Selkow and N. F. Stewart. 1974. An improved solution to the generalized Camin-Sokal model for numerical cladistics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 48: 413-424.
Naylor, G. J. P. 1992. Plotting frequency distributions of phylogenetic groupings found among sets of most parsimonious trees. Cladistics 8: 161-
164.
Naylor, G. J. P. 1992. The phylogenetic relationships among Requiem and Hammerhead Sharks: Inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally parsimonious trees result. Cladistics 8: 295-318.
Neale, D. B, N. C. Wheeler, and R. W. Allard. 1986. Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA in Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Res. 16: 1152-1154.
Neff, N. A. 1986. A rational basis for a priori character weighting. Systematic Zoology 35: 110-123.
Neff, N. A. 1987. An analysis of the sensitivity of minimum length (Wagner) tree topology to changes in data. Systematic Zoology 36: 227-236.
Nei, M. 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Nei, M., F. Tajima, and Y. Tateno. 1983. Accuracy of phylogenetic trees from molecular data II. Gene frequency data. Journal of Molecular Evolution 19: 153-170.
Nelson, C. H. 1978. Recognition of convergence and parallelism on Wagner trees. Systematic Zoology 27: 122-124.
Nelson, C. H. and G. S. Van Horn. 1975. A new simplified method for constructing Wagner networks and the cladistics of Pentachaeta (Compositae, Astereae). Brittonia 27: 362-372.
Nelson, G. J. 1969. The problem of historical biogeography. Systematic Zoology 18: 243-246.
Nelson, G. J. 1971. "Cladism" as a philosophy of classification. Systematic Zoology 20: 373-376.
Nelson. G. J. 1971. Paraphyly and polyphyly: Redefinitions. Systematic Zoology 20: 471-472.
Nelson, G. J. 1972. Phylogenetic relationship and classification. Systematic Zoology 21: 227-231.
Nelson, G. J. 1972. "Science or politics?": A reply to H. F. Howden. Systematic Zoology 21: 341-342.
Nelson, G. J. 1972. Review of: Die rekonstruktion der phylogenese mit Hennig's Prinzip. Systematic Zoology 21: 350-352.
Nelson, G. J. 1972. Comments on Hennig's "phylogenetic systematics" and its influence on Ichthyology. Systematic Zoology 21: 364-374.
Nelson, G. J. 1972. Review of: Methoden der phylogenetik. Symposium von 12. bis 13. Februar 1970 im I. Zoologischen Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Systematic Zoology 21: 451.
Nelson, G. J. 1973. The higher-level phylogeny of vertebrates. Systematic Zoology 22: 87-91.
Nelson, G. J. 1973. "Monophyly again?"-A reply to P. D. Ashlock. Systematic Zoology 22: 310-312.
Nelson, G. J. 1973. Comments on Leon Croizat's biogeography. Systematic Zoology 22: 312-320.
Nelson, G. J. 1973. Negative gains and positive losses: A reply to J. C. Lundberg. Systematic Zoology 22: 330.
Nelson, G. J. 1973. Classification as an expression of phylogenetic relationships. Systematic Zoology 22: 344-359.
Nelson, G. J. 1974. Darwin-Hennig classification: A reply to Ernst Mayr. Systematic Zoology 23: 452-458.
Nelson, G. J. 1974. Historical biogeography: An alternative formalization. Systematic Zoology 23: 555-558.
Nelson, G. J. 1977. A reply. Systematic Zoology 26: 91.
Nelson, G. J. 1978. The perils of perfection: A reply to D. H. Colless. Systematic Zoology 27: 124.
Nelson, G. J. 1978. Classification and prediction: A reply to Kitts. Systematic Zoology 27: 216-218.
Nelson, G. J. 1978. Ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology, and the biogenetic law. Systematic Zoology 27: 324-345.
Nelson, G. J. 1978. Review of: Biogéographie et evolution en Amérique tropicale. Systematic Zoology 27: 484-487.
Nelson, G. J. 1979. Cladistic analysis and synthesis: Principles and definitions, with a historical note on Adanson's Families des Plantes (1763-1764). Systematic Zoology 28: 1-21.
Nelson, G. J. 1982. Cladistique et biogeographie. Comptes Rendue de la Societe de Biogeographie 58: 75-94.
Nelson, G. J. 1983. Reticulation in Cladograms. In N. I. Platnick and V. A. Funk, [eds.], Advances in Cladistics: Proceedings of the Second meeting of the Willi Hennig Society, pages 105-111. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nelson, G. J. 1984. Cladistics and biogeography. In: T. Duncan and T. F. Stuessy, [eds.], Cladistics: perspectives on the reconstruction of evolutionary history, 273-293. Columbia University Press, New York.
Nelson, G. J. 1985. Outgroups and ontogeny. Cladistics 1: 29-45.
Nelson, G. J. 1985. Class and individual: A reply to M. Ghiselin. Cladistics 1: 386-389.
Nelson, G. J. 1989. Cladistics and evolutionary models. Cladistics 5: 275-
289.
Nelson, G. J. 1990. Review of: The politics of evolution: Morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London. Systematic Zoology 39: 303-304.
Nelson, G. J. 1991. Review of: Principles of geology being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation. Systematic Zoology 40: 503.
Nelson, G. J. 1992. Why, after all, must it? Cladistics 8: 139-146.
Nelson, G. J. 1992. Reply to Harvey. Cladistics 8: 355-360.
Nelson, G. J. 1992. Review of: The meaning of evolution: The morphological construction and ideological reconstruction of Darwin's theory. Systematic Biology 41: 496-497.
Nelson, G. J. 1993. Reply. Cladistics 9: 261-265.
Nelson, G. J. 1993. Why crusade against consensus? A reply to Barrett, Donoghue, and Sober. Systematic Biology 42: 215-216.
Nelson, G. J. and P. Y. Ladiges. 1991. Three-area statements: Standard assumptions for biogeographic analysis. Systematic Zoology 40: 470-485.
Nelson, G. J. and P. Y. Ladiges. 1993. Missing data and three-item analysis. Cladistics 9: 111-113.
Nelson, G. J. and N. I. Platnick. 1978. The perils of plesiomorphy: Widespread taxa, dispersal, and phenetic biogeography. Systematic Zoology 27: 474-477.
Nelson, G. J. and N. I. Platnick. 1980. Multiple branching in cladograms: Two interpretations. Systematic Zoology 29: 86-91.
Nelson, G. J. and N.I. Platnick. 1981. Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York.
Nelson, G. J. and N. I. Platnick. 1991. Three-taxon statements: A more precise use of parsimony? Cladistics 7: 351-366.
Nelson, G. J. and D. E. Rosen. 1981. Vicariance Biogeography: A Critique. Columbia University Press, New York.
Neticks, F. G. 1978. Derived characters I have known. Systematic Zoology 27: 238-239.
Nijhout, H. F., G. A. Wray, C. Kremen, and C. K. Teragawa. 1986. Ontogeny, phylogeny and evolution of form: An algorithmic approach. Systematic Zoology 35: 445-457.
Niklas, K. 1980. Paleobiochemical techniques and their application to paleobotany. Progress in Phytochemistry: 143-182.
Nixon, K. C. and J. M. Carpenter. 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9: 413-
426.
Nixon, K. C. and J. I. Davis. 1991. Polymorphic taxa, missing values and cladistic analysis. Cladistics 7: 233-241.
Nixon, K. C. and Q. D. Wheeler. 1990. An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept. Cladistics 6: 211-223.
Noonan, G. R. 1984. Review of: Evolution, time and space: The emergence of the biosphere. Systematic Zoology 33: 123-126.
Noonan, G. R. 1988. Biogeography of North American and Mexican insects, and a critique of vicariance biogeography. Systematic Zoology 37: 366-384.
Norell, M. A. and M. J. Novacek. 1992. Congruence between superpositional and phylogenetic patterns: Comparing cladistic patterns with fossil records. Cladistics 8: 319-337.
Northington, D. K. 1974. Systematic studies of the genus Pyrropappus (Compositae, Cichorieae). Texas Tech. University Museum Special Publication no. 6: 1-38.
Novacek, M. J. 1982. Phylogeny and the rates of evolution: Introduction. Systematic Zoology 31: 337bis.
Novacek, M. J., 1991. "All tree histograms" and the evaluation of cladistic evidence: Some ambiguities. Cladistics 7: 345-349.
Novacek, M. J. 1992. Fossils, topologies, missing data, and the higher level phylogeny of Eutherian Mammals. Systematic Biology 41: 58-73.
Novacek, M. J. 1992. Fossils as critical data for phylogeny. In Novacek and Wheeler, Columbia University Press, New York.
Novacek, M. J. and M. A. Norell. 1982. Fossils, phylogeny, and taxonomic rates of evolution. Systematic Zoology 31: 366-375.
Novacek, M. J. and A. R. Wyss. 1986. Higher-level relationships of the recent Eutherian Orders: Morphological evidence. Cladisitcs 2: 257-287.
O
O'Grady, R. T. 1982. Nonequilibrium evolution and ontogeny. Systematic Zoology 31: 503-511.
O'Grady, R. T. 1984. Evolutionary Theory and Teleology. Journal of Theoretical Biology 107: 563-578.
O'Grady, R. T. 1985. Ontogenetic sequences and the phylogenetics of parasitic Flatworm life cycles. Cladistics 1: 159-170.
O'Grady, R. T. 1986. Historical Processes, Evolutionary Explanations, and Problems with Teleology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1010-1020.
O'Grady, R. T. 1987. Phylogenetic Systematics and the Evolutionary History of Some Intestinal Flatworm Parasites (Trematoda: Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) of Anurans. Doctoral Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
O'Grady, R. T. 1988. Further calculations on the phylogenetics of Idea (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Cladistics 4: 211-215.
O'Grady, R. T. and G. B. Deets. 1987. Coding multisate characters, with special reference to the use of parasites as characters of their hosts. Systematic Zoology 36: 268-279.
O'Grady, R. T., G. B. Deets, and G. W. Benz. 1989. Additional observations on nonredundant linear coding of multistate characters. Systematic Zoology 38: 54-57.
O'Grady, R. T., I. Goddard, R. M. Bateman, V. A. Funk, R. Mooi, W. A. DiMichele, P. F. Cannell, and W. J. Kress. 1989. Genes and Tongues. Science 243: 1651. (letter to the editor)
O'Hara, R. J. 1988. Homage to Clio, or, toward an historical philosophy for evolutionary biology. Systematic Zoology 37: 142-155.
O'Hara, R. J. 1992. Telling the tree: Narrative representation and the study of evolutionary history. Biological Philosophy 7: 135-160.
O'Hara, R. J. 1993. Systematic generalization, historic fate, and the species problem. Systematic Biology 42: 231-246.
Olmstead, R. B., H. J. Michaels, K. M. Scott, and J. D. Palmer. 1992. Monophyly of the Asteridae and identification of their major lineages inferred from DNA sequences of rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 249-265.
Olmstead, R. G., B. Bremer, K. M. Scott, and J. D. Palmer. 1993. A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 700-722.
Olmstead, R. G. and J. A. Sweere. 1994. Combining data in phylogenetic systematics: An empirical approach using three molecular data sets in the Solanaceae. Systematic Biology 43: 467-481.
Olsen, G. J. 1988. Phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal RNA. Methods in Enzymology 164: 793-812.
Olsen, J. S. 1979. Systematics of Zaluzania (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Rhodora 81: 449-501.
Omland, K. E. 1994. Character congruence between a molecular and a morphological phylogeny for Dabbling Ducks (Anas). Systematic Biology 43: 369-386.
O'Neil, P. B. and R. F. Doolittle. 1973. Mammalian phylogeny based on fibrinopeptide amino acid sequences. Systematic Zoology 22: 590-595.
Oosterbroek, P. 1987. More appropriate definitions of paraphyly and polyphyly, with a comment on the Farris 1974 model. Systematic Zoology 36: 103-108.
|
|
